Brief history of the Cube

sokoban

很有价值的关于魔方历史的文章，很多信息别处不易看到的。

Brief history of the Cube

Every invention has an official birth date. For the Cube this date is 1974 when the first working prototype came into being and a patent application was drafted. The place was Budapest, the capital of Hungary. The inventor's name is now a household word. At the time, Erno Rubik was a lecturer in the Department of Interior Design at the Academy of Applied Arts and Crafts in Budapest.



Erno Rubik

Although 1974 marks the inauguration of the Cube, the processes that led to the invention began a few years earlier, nor was the identity of the inventor a fortuitous accident. Erno Rubik had a passionate interest in geometry, in the study of 3D forms, in construction and in exploring the hidden possibilities of combinations of forms and material in theory and in practice.

In the course of his teaching, Erno Rubik preferred to communicate his ideas by the use of actual models, made from paper, cardboard, wood or plastic, challenging his students to experiment by manipulating clearly constructed and easily interpreted forms. It was the realization that even the simplest elements, cleverly duplicated and manipulated, yield an abundance of multiple forms that was the first step on the long road that led finally to the Cube. Erno had applied for a Hungarian patent for the Magic Cube in 1975, the first test batches were not produced until late 1977.

Although possibly the most original of all invented puzzles, the Cube was not created in a vacuum. Its classical antecedents are great puzzles in their own right. The Tangram, originating from ancient China, merely consists of 5 triangles, a square and a parallelogram, simple elements that yield a multitude of interesting figures. The Pentomino, invented by Solomon W. Golomb, has 12 different elements, each one made up of five squares joined together, displaying all the possible configurations of the five combined squares. Pentomino poses the fascinating geometric problem of constructing various rectangles. Piet Hein's Soma Cube is, in a sense, a three dimensional version of Pentominos. It resembles Rubik's Cube both in shape and in the large number of ways its seven elements can be assembled into a 3x3x3 cube. Finally, there is Sam Loyd's well known 15 puzzle, with it's numbered tiles locked together yet moving separately, so that by pushing them about they can be set in sequential order and scrambled at will. Viewing these puzzles places Rubik's Cube in a context and highlights just what a breakthrough creation the Cube really is.

What Erno Rubik's set out to do was create a three dimensional object, of high aesthetic value, which was not only richer in configuration variations and more of a mental challenge than any puzzle in existence, but would also continue to be ONE, SELF-CONTAINED WHOLE, throughout its manifold transformations.
This objective seemed at first as impossible to achieve as the 3-axial rotation of the Cube appears on first encounter. After conceiving the idea of the 3x3x3 Cube, Erno Rubik first tried to hold together the elements of a simpler, 2x2x2 cube, by means of an elastic rubber construction that threaded its way through all 8 elements. Even at this simple level it soon became clear that such a device could not work. The alternatives then available, such as magnets and the obvious tongue and grooves system, could not cope with the complexity of the different junctions and movements that each element required. Erno Rubik realized that only a totally original concept could provide a satisfactory solution.

The inspiration came on a lazy summer day as he was watching the Danube flow by. Rubik's eye was attracted by some pebbles, whose sharp edges have been rubbed and smoothed away in the course of time bringing into being rounded shapes of great but simple beauty. The interior of the Cube elements had to have the same rounded architecture. The brilliant interior mechanism, which is basically cylindrical, took some time to reach its final form. For ease of manipulation, the balance between tightness and looseness had to be just right, tolerances had to be exact. Finally, the 54 outer surfaces of the individual elements were given their colors. Lots of different decorative patterns, with numbers and symbols as well as diverse color combinations were tried, but none of them worked nearly as well as the six simple but distinct colors, each one unifying and differentiating one single face of the Cube.

When the Cube was complete, Erno Rubik demonstrated it to his students and let some of his friends play with it. The effect was instantaneous. Once somebody laid his hands on the Cube it was difficult to get it back!

The compulsive interest of friends and students in the Cube caught its creator completely by surprise and it was months before any thought was given to the possibility of producing it on an industrial scale.

Eventually a manufacturer took on the job of tooling up for mass production and making the puzzle available to the public at large. Given the inner complexity of the Cube, and the then prevailing economic conditions in communist Hungary, this was by no means an easy undertaking. It is to the credit of the two men at the helm of the toy production firm of Politechnika, President Lehel Takacz and Chief Engineer Ferencz Manczur that they at once perceived enough merit in the Cube to accept this task. The process of turning the hand made object into thousands of low cost, mass manufactured units was slow. It took the best part of three years, but at last, towards the end of 1977 the first Cubes appeared on the shelves of the Budapest toyshops.



The production of the original Magic Cube in Hungary

During 1978, without any promotion or publicity, the Cube began very slowly to make its way through the hands of fascinated youths into homes, playgrounds and schools. Word of mouth spread the news and by the beginning of 1979. There was growing interest in the Magic Cube throughout Hungary. Some Western World academics were also most interested in it. In September, a deal was signed with Ideal Toys to bring the Magic Cube to the West.
With the country being both physically and culturally behind the iron curtain at the time, the growing popularity of the Cube did not cross over to the West for quite some time. Not surprisingly, two men of Hungarian origin who had established their lives in the West built the bridge, which eventually enabled the Cube to cross the divide.

Dr Tibor Laczi, born in Budapest, educated in Vienna and employed by a major German computer manufacturer "discovered" the Cube on one of his frequent business trips to Hungary. He fell in love with it, and sensing its potential consumer appeal, brought it to the Nuremberg Toy Fair in February 1979 in the hope of finding a potential German toy distributor. He did not meet with a great deal of success but he did stumble across an individual who at that point of the Cube's history was destined to make a crucial difference.

Tom Kremer, a successful toy and game inventor himself, whose mother language was also Hungarian, ran at the time his own marketing and licensing company. Seven Towns Ltd., based in London, was widely respected throughout the international toy industry as a product developer working not only with its own ideas but also representing professional inventors from all over the world.

The two men made a pact, there and then, to translate the Hungarian success of the Cube onto the world stage. Dr Laczi headed back to Hungary to pave the way with the prevailing Hungarian bureaucracy whilst Tom Kremer set off on a world tour of toy manufacturers. He was convinced that to realize the Cube's full commercial potential it had to have the marketing muscle, the promotional power and distribution network of a major international company. Unfortunately he found none of the leading players in the field shared his enthusiasm. Although impressed by the Cube, the general view within the industry estimated its prospects to be poor. Its "faults" were numerous: Too difficult and expensive to manufacture, impossible to demonstrate its fascination on TV, too abstract, too cerebral, too quiet, a challenge for the esoteric academic mind rather than a puzzle meant for the young and the general public.
Undeterred by this universal rejection, and spurred on by his firm belief in the exceptional quality of the toy, Tom Kremer, now armed with a convincing marketing plan, continued his search for a viable partner. After many disappointments, he succeeded in persuading Stewart Sims, Vice President of Marketing of the Ideal Toy Corporation, to come to Hungary, to see with his own eyes the Cube in play. It was now September 1979, by which time the Cube had gained a sufficient degree of popularity to be seen occasionally in the street, on trams, in cafes, each time in the hands of someone turning and twisting it, completely absorbed. After five days of convoluted negotiations between a skeptical American capitalist and an obstinate communist organization largely ignorant of the operation of a free market, with Laczi and Kremer desperately holding the two sides together, an order for one million cubes was signed amidst much handshaking and great relief all round.

In the meanwhile, quite independently of these developments, David Singmaster, an English mathematician, became deeply interested in the theoretical problems and ramifications raised by the Cube in his own field. He wrote a newspaper article in June 1979, the first one to appear outside Hungary, which brought the Cube to the attention of academic circles world wide and led indirectly to another milestone in its history: an article in Scientific American, with a cover picture, by Douglas Hotstadter an acknowledged authority in the field of Recreational Mathematics.

Apart from a small seepage across the Hungarian borders, the Cube made its international debut at the Toy Fairs of London, Paris, Nuremberg and New York in January/February, 1980. With Erno Rubik demonstrating his own creation, the Cube made an immediate impact. The trade buyers were impressed, orders rolled in. There was just one problem: there were no Cubes! Western quality standards and packaging norms meant drastic changes in the Hungarian manufacturing process. This, as with any change under a communist in regime, was slow in coming. Communication between New York and Budapest, given the linguistic and cultural differences, despite the frequent interventions of Tom Kremer, were not easy. The new Cube was easier to manipulate. Ideal Toys renamed it Rubik's Cube. The first Rubik's Cubes were exported from Hungary in May 1980.

As soon as the cube came into the hands of the customers, it was clear that the original order of 1 million pieces would never suffice for the first year to cover the growing demand. From the beginning it was characteristically for the Cube, that the demand always rose faster than the production, no matter how much that was increasing. In the contrast to the expectation of the toys industry, the problem in the next two and a half years was not to sell the Cube, but to get it delivered. Soon the number of cubes rose from 1 million to 2, then 3, up to 5 million, and 1981 it increased exponential. Additional production centers were built in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Costa Rica and Brazil.

The challenge to have control over the Cube and being able to order all six sides with its original colours, seemed to have an enchanting effect to an amazing number of individuals, not depending on their age, profession, income or social class. You could see grandmothers, bank directors, baseball players, pilots, librarians and car-park attendants to every time of day being engaged with the Cube. In restaurants, the Cube often stood on the table together with salt and pepper, and it was more often taken in the hands. But first it was the youth, school children and students, who were in front of the quickly developing movement, which went around the whole world. They seemed to be able to solve the puzzle better than anyone else. They founded special Cube clubs, organized competitions and suffered from the infamous "Cube arm" after they played hours and days non-stop with an object, which they simply couldn't put from the hand. The difficulty to solve the cube, and the absolute impulse to find the solution, led to the fact, that more than 60 books were offered to help the despairing players. Because of the books, more people than ever suffered from the cube addiction, and showed proudly their new abilities.

After the cube got its first price for excellent inventions in Hungary, 1980 it also won recognized awards in Germany, France, Great Britain and USA. In the year 1981 it found its way as an exhibit to the holy rooms of the New York Museum of Modern Art. The Cube reached such an publicity and penetrated the social fabric so deeply that the name "Rubik's Cube" 1982 got its entry in the Oxford English Dictionary.



The Rubik's Cube World Championship

The total number of worldwide sold Cubes is difficult to estimate. In the years 1980 to 1982, when the demand exceeded the supplies yet, a great number of pirated copies with low quality came onto the market, which were offered by opportunistic traders in Taiwan, Korea and Hong Kong. Though Ideal Toy won a number of lawsuits in Holland, Great Britain, the USA and other countries, it was impossible to stop this flood. It's quite sure that its number exceeds 100 million, perhaps it was even much higher.

It's interestingly enough, that the legal defence isn't based on the original patent, which was only registered in Hungary. Instead it was the "Rubik" trademark, therefore Erno Rubik's copyright for the object itself, which protects the Cube against unauthorized copies in all countries of the world.

Because the Cube was first created as a single item with an artistic value, Rubik's copyright does not only include the three-dimensional object, but also every graphical representation of the Cube in the print or on the screen, even 70 years after the death of the inventor.

In the regard of the extraordinary high (legal and illegal) sales figures it was unavoidable, that sometime there would be reached the degree of saturation. The Cube market caved in, shops and factories gave back their stocks, and from 1983 the Cube was not available in the trade for some time. The Ideal Toy Corp was bought up by CBS, and CBS retired from the toys market by 1985.

Because the toys industry mainly orientates itself to fashion currents, the Cube was finally given up. However, this didn't apply to Tom Kremer. He still considered the Cube as one of the greatest classical toys, which could exist side by side with such greatnesses like Monopoly, Scrabble and Mr. Potato Head. 1985 his company, Seven Towns, bought all rights to "Rubik's Cube". In the year 1991 he introduced the Cube into some selected target markets without great publicity. In the comparison with the gigantic phenomenon of the early 80s, the sales figures in the first years were extremely low. But 1995 Oddzone, a dynamic company from California, took over the marketing of the Cube, and dramatic successes appeared. 1996 the Cube was sold in the USA more than 300.000 times, and the numbers further increased in 1997 and 1998. In Japan, where Tsukado is still the Cube's original wholesaler, the sales figures reached 100.000 pieces, and in Great Britain the numbers developed in the same direction. This sample recurs worldwide. The Cube is definitively starting its comeback.

But now, in its second incarnation, the Cube is a part of a family of puzzles and games, which all show the handwriting of the genius, who has invented the best three-dimensional puzzle the world has ever seen.

Erno Rubik has not changed much over the years. Working closely with Seven Towns, he is still deeply engaged in creating new games and puzzles, and remains one of the principal beneficiaries of what proved to be a spectacularly successful invention.

Sources:

Paragraphs 1 to 18:
www.rubiks.com


Paragraphs 19 to 27 (German text; translation by Markus Pirzer):

1998
Rubik's Games CD
Hasbro Interactive GmbH
Marktstr. 1

D-33602 Bielefeld


2004
Atari Deutschland
Hanauer Landstrasse 184
D-60314 Frankfurt/Main

Phone: +49 (0)69 244 49 150
Fax: +49 (0)69 244 49 241

juventus66

看来还得找个翻译

录

麻煩翻譯一下吧..看不懂=.=

汪小光

……我感觉就像是乱码……等翻译……

汪小光

每一个发明正式的出生日期。为立方体这一日期是1974年的第一次工作原型诞生和专利申请起草。这个地方是布达佩斯，匈牙利的首都。发明人的名字现在是一个家喻户晓的词汇。当时， Erno魔方是一个系讲师室内设计在该学院应用艺术与工艺在布达佩斯。

    ernorubik.jpg （ 11.84或）

2009年1月21日22:30

Erno魔方

虽然1974马克就职立方体的进程，导致发明始于几年前，也不是发明人身份的偶然事故。 Erno魔方了一个充满激情的兴趣几何，研究中的三维形式，在建设和探索隐藏的可能性的组合形式和材料在理论和实践。

在他的教学， Erno魔方首选交流他的思想的实际使用模式，从纸张，纸板，木材或塑料，具有挑战性的他的学生进行实验的建造和操纵明确容易解释的形式。这是认识到，即使最简单的元素，巧妙地重复和操纵，产量丰富的多种形式，这是第一步的漫长道路上，导致最后的立方体。 Erno已申请了专利，匈牙利的魔方于1975年，第一次测试没有批生产直到1977年。

尽管可能是最原始的所有发明拼图，立方体不是在真空里创造出来。其前身是伟大的古典难题在他们自己的权利。七巧板，源于我国古代，只是由5三角形，正方形和平行四边形，简单要素收益率的多种有趣的数字。该Pentomino ，美国发明的所罗门哥伦布码，有12个不同的内容，每一个由五个广场联手，显示所有可能的配置五个结合广场。 Pentomino构成了迷人的几何问题，构建各种矩形。别海恩的索玛立方体是，从某种意义上说，三维版本Pentominos 。它类似于魔方在形状和大量的方式七个要素可组装成一个3x3x3立方体。最后，有三劳埃德众所周知15个谜，它的编号牌锁在一起尚未单独移动，因此，推他们，他们可以设置顺序和炒的意愿。查看这些难题的地方魔方的背景，并强调正是突破创造立方体真的。

什么Erno魔方的规定做的就是创建一个三维对象，审美价值高，这不仅是丰富的配置变化和更大的挑战比任何心理困惑的存在，但也将继续是，自成一体的整体而言，其整个多方面的变革。
这个目标似乎首先是不可能实现的3轴旋转立方体上出现第一次遇到。经过酝酿的想法3x3x3立方， Erno魔方首次尝试维系的内容简单， 2x2x2立方体，通过弹性橡胶建设线程途经8个要素。即使在这个简单的水平很快就清楚地表明，这种装置无法工作。然后可用的替代品，如磁铁和明显的舌头和沟系统，不能处理的复杂性，不同的路口和运动所需的各组成部分。 Erno魔方认识到，只有原来的概念是完全可以提供一个令人满意的解决办法。

在灵感的懒惰夏季一天，他在看多瑙河流量。魔方的眼睛是吸引一些卵石，其锋利已经揉和平滑离开过程中，时间将形成圆形形状非常简单之美。内部的立方体组成部分都必须有相同的圆形建筑。辉煌的内部机制，这基本上是圆柱形，花了一些时间，以达到它的最后形式。为便于操作，两者之间的平衡紧张和松弛，必须恰到好处，公差，必须准确。最后， 54外表面的各个部分给予其颜色。许多不同的装饰图案，以数字和符号，以及各种不同的颜色组合进行了审判，但没有人工作，以及近6个简单的，但不同的颜色，每一个统一和分化单一面对立方。

当立方已经完成， Erno魔方展示他的学生，并让他的一些朋友发挥它。效果瞬间。一旦有人把他的手放在立方体很难得到回来了！

强制兴趣的朋友和学生在立方体被其创作者完全感到意外，它是几个月前的任何想法是考虑到它可能产生的工业规模。

最终制造商采取了对模具的工作为大规模生产，使之谜提供给广大公众。鉴于内部复杂的立方体，和当时的经济条件在共产主义匈牙利，这绝不是一件轻而易举的任务。这是信贷的两名男子在领导的玩具生产企业的Politechnika ，总统Lehel Takacz和总工程师Ferencz Manczur ，他们认为足够的一次值得立方体接受这项任务。的过程中把手工对象到数以千计的低成本，大规模生产的单位是缓慢的。它获得了最佳的一部分，三年来，但最后，在接近年底时的1977年第一立方体出现在货架上的布达佩斯玩具店。

    history2.jpg （ 19.8或）

2009年1月21日22:30

生产的原始魔方在匈牙利

在1978年，在没有任何推广或宣传，立方体开始很慢，使其通过手中的着迷年轻人的家园，操场和学校。口碑传播新闻和开始之前的1979年。人们越来越关心魔方整个匈牙利。一些西方世界学术界也最感兴趣。今年9月，签署了协议理想玩具，使魔方西方。
正在与该国在身体上和文化上落后铁幕时，日益普及的立方体没有越过西方相当长的一段时间。不足为奇的是，两名男子的匈牙利血统谁建立了自己的生活建立在西方的桥梁，最终使立方体跨越鸿沟。

蒂博尔Laczi博士，出生在布达佩斯，在维也纳接受教育和就业的一个主要的计算机制造商德国“发现”的一个立方体，他经常出差到匈牙利。他爱上了它，遥感及其潜在消费者的呼吁，把它的纽伦堡玩具展览会在1979年2月，希望找到一个潜在的德国玩具经销商。他没有会见了大量的成功，但他偶然发现个别谁在这一点立方体的历史注定要做出一个重要的差别。

汤姆克雷默，一个成功的玩具和游戏的发明者本人，他的母语是匈牙利语，跑的时候他自己的营销和许可公司。七个城镇有限公司，总部设在伦敦，是广受尊重的整个国际玩具行业作为一个产品的开发工作，不仅有自己的想法，但也代表专业发明者来自世界各地。

该两名男子作出了协议，但然后，把匈牙利成功立方体推向世界舞台。博士Laczi返回匈牙利铺平道路与匈牙利官僚主义盛行，而汤姆克雷默抵销的世界巡回演出的玩具制造商。他确信，实现Cube的全面商业潜力已拥有的市场营销力量，推广能力和分销网络的一个主要的国际公司。不幸的是，他发现没有一个全球领先的领域分享他的热情。虽然下了深刻的印象立方，一般的看法在业内估计其前景是穷人。它的“错误”了许多：太困难，制造成本，无法展示其魅力在电视屏幕上，过于抽象，过于脑，太安静，一个挑战的深奥的学术思想，而不是一个难题就是为青年和一般公众。
动摇了这一普遍反对，并引发对他的坚定信念的特殊品质的玩具，汤姆克雷默，现在配备有一个令人信服的营销计划，继续寻求一个可行的合作伙伴。经过许多挫折，他成功说服斯图尔特希姆斯，营销副总裁的理想玩具公司，来匈牙利，看到自己的眼睛在立方体发挥。现在是1979年9月，当时立方获得了足够程度的流行被认为偶尔在大街上，对电车，在咖啡馆，每次都在别人手中的转折点和扭曲它，完全吸收。经过五天的错综复杂的谈判持怀疑态度的美国资本主义和共产主义的顽固组织大都一无所知的运作一个自由市场， Laczi和克雷默拼命举行双方坐在一起，命令为100万立方签署由于很多握手和伟大减免所有轮。

与此同时，相当独立的这些事态发展，大卫Singmaster ，英文数学家，成为深感兴趣的理论问题和影响所提出的立方体在自己的领域。他写了一篇报纸文章在1979年6月，第一个出现境外匈牙利，使立方体的注意，世界各地的学术界和间接导致的另一个里程碑，它的历史：一篇文章中科学美国人，以涵盖图片，由道格拉斯Hotstadter公认的权威领域中的游憩数学。

除了一小防渗整个匈牙利边界，立方体作了首次亮相，其国际玩具博览会的伦敦，巴黎，纽伦堡和纽约1月/ 2月， 1980年。与Erno魔方展示自己的创造，取得的立方体产生直接影响。贸易采购商留下了深刻的印象，令推出英寸有一个问题：有没有立方体！西方的质量标准和包装规范意味着剧变匈牙利制造工艺。这一点，因为任何改变共产党的政权，是姗姗来迟。之间的沟通纽约和布达佩斯，由于语言和文化上的差异，尽管频繁干预汤姆克雷默，并不轻松。新的立方体，更容易操纵。理想玩具改名魔方。第一个魔方的立方体出口由匈牙利在1980年5月。

尽快生效立方体手中的客户，很明显，原来的以1万件，绝不会不够第一年，以支付日益增加的需求。从一开始这是典型的立方，总的需求增长速度超过了生产，不管有多少是越来越多。在相反的期望玩具行业，这个问题在未来两年半的时间是不卖的立方体，但得到交付。很快立方体的数目上升到100万至200 ，那么3至5万美元，和1981年增长指数。更多的生产基地建在香港，台湾，哥斯达黎加和巴西。

所面临的挑战拥有控制权的立方体，并能够以所有六种双方，其原有的颜色，似乎有一种迷人的效果惊人的一些个人，而不是取决于他们的年龄，职业，收入或社会阶层。你可以看到祖母，银行董事，棒球选手，飞行员，馆员和停车场管理员的每一天中的时间从事与立方。在餐馆，立方体常常站在桌子上与盐和胡椒，而且更经常地采取的手中。但首先，这是青年，失学儿童和学生，谁是前面的迅速发展运动，到处整个世界。他们似乎是能够解决的难题比任何人都更。他们成立特别立方俱乐部，组织竞赛和遭受了臭名昭著的“立方体臂”后几小时或几天内发挥非停止同一个对象，因为他们根本无法把从手。难以解决立方体，绝对冲动找到解决办法，导致事实上，超过60本书是为了帮助绝望的球员。由于书籍，更多的人比以往任何时候都遭受立方体成瘾，并自豪地显示他们的新能力。

在立方体得到了第一次价格为优秀发明在匈牙利， 1980年还获得公认的奖项，德国，法国，英国和美国。在1981年它找到了自己作为一个展览，罗马室纽约现代艺术博物馆。立方体达成这样的宣传和深入的社会结构深刻的名字“魔方” 1982年取得了进入牛津英语词典。

    history3.jpg （ 23.32或）

2009年1月21日22:30

在魔方世界锦标赛

总人数的全球销售立方体是难以估计。在1980年至1982年，当需求超过供给，但大量的盗版与低质量的上市，这是交易商所提供的机会在台湾，韩国和香港。虽然理想的玩具获得多项诉讼，在荷兰，英国，美国和其他国家，就不可能制止这一洪水。这是十分肯定，其数量超过100万美元，也许有人甚至更高。

这是有趣的是，该法律辩护不是在原有基础上的专利，这是只有注册在匈牙利。相反，它是“魔方”的商标，因此， Erno魔方的版权的对象本身，它保护立方体盗版在全世界所有国家。

由于立方首次建立作为一个单一项目的艺术价值，魔方的版权并不仅仅包括三维对象，而且每个图形代表立方体在打印或在屏幕上，甚至70年去世后，技术的发明者。

在关于特别高（合法和非法的）的销售数字这是不可避免的，这有时会达到饱和度。立方体塌陷市场，商店和工厂给他们的股票，并从1983年的立方体是不具备的贸易一段时间。理想玩具公司收购了哥伦比亚广播公司和哥伦比亚广播公司退出了玩具市场的1985年。

由于玩具行业主要定位本身对时尚潮流，立方体终于放弃。然而，这并不适用于汤姆克雷默。他仍然认为立方体作为一个最大的古典玩具，这可能并存这种greatnesses一样垄断，拼字和Potato Head先生。 1985年，他的公司， 7个城镇，买的所有权利“魔方” 。 1991年，他介绍了该立方体的一些选定的目标市场没有很大的宣传。在相对于庞大的现象， 80年代初，销售数字，头几年都非常低。但是， 1995年Oddzone ，一个充满活力的公司，加利福尼亚州，占据了市场的立方体，和巨大的成功出现。 1996年，立方体是在美国售出超过300.000倍，人数进一步增加1997年和1998年。在日本， Tsukado仍然是Cube的原始批发商，销售数字达到100.000件，并在大不列颠的数字发达国家在同一方向。本示例复发全世界。立方体是最终开始其东山再起。

但是现在，在其第二次的化身，是一个立方体的一个组成部分家庭的谜语和游戏，这都显示了手写的天才，谁发明的最佳三维拼图世界上前所未有。

Erno魔方已经没有太多改变多年来。密切合作七乡镇，他仍然是深入开展创造了新的游戏和拼图，并仍然是当代的主要受益者是什么证明是一个成功的发明壮观。

资料来源：

第1至第18条：
www.rubiks.com


第19至27日（德国文本;翻译马库斯Pirzer ） ：

1998年
魔方的游戏光盘
孩之宝交互公司
Marktstr 。 1

名D - 33602比勒费尔德


2004年
雅达利德国
Hanauer Landstrasse 184
名D - 60314法兰克福/美

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传真： +49 （ 0 ） 69 244 49 241


用的在线翻译，先凑合着看看……

juventus66

呵呵,在线翻译还是那么不靠谱

R'cube

- -！ 动作好快啊，自己能看懂，并不表示能翻译出来，太累实在~~~

ZJY

很长的英文啊，还是看中文好了

egdxgo

dingding

cyz

这个在线翻译…………不通顺到极点…………