老鲁魔方生产车间与装配过程

大烟头

http://www.rubiks.com/lvl3/index_lvl3.cfm?lan=eng&lvl1=inform&lvl2=medrel&lvl3=cubfct&lvl4=howmde#twopc

我用金山快译译了一下，以方便英菜们阅读，英文好的人可去原网站。

１、Rubik's 立方体 一个被 Erno Rubik 设计的供玩耍的难题是吗在那的时候在 -1970 年代之中。 它是被用～成形装置六个脸有不一致颜色并且由～组成比较小的立方体块的立方体。 产品的主要方法包括注入各种不同的成份块的形成, 然后后来的集会,将～分类, 和包装。 它在 1980 年代期间极端地流行并且导致供玩耍的难题一个很多的多样性的发展。

使制造者困惑有为人们创造问题解决长达世纪。 一些最早的难题向后地对远古的希腊人和罗马人的时候约会。 华人有一个被想有在第二个期间西元世纪被发展的戒指难题。 这是第一的在 1550 年被 Cardan 描述.当印刷杂志报纸被发明的时候,完成明确地被设计的数学和机械的问题书因为娱乐被流通。

从这些早的谜和字问题，玩具难题自然地被发展。 在 1857 年，爱尔兰的数学家 W. Hamilton 发明了 Icosian 难题。 稍后，在 1870 年代内，出名的 15 难题被介绍,根据传说藉着 Sam Lloyd。 这个难题必须被放在～之内订单的积极叁与的数字砖瓦。 它在 1900 年代早期内极端地流行。 在 1883 年， E. Lucas 产生了河内难题的塔。 这个难题由～组成有不同的大小三根钉和许多的圆盘。 目标要在正确的次序中放圆盘在～上钉。

２、有包括彩色正方形砖瓦的各种不同的难题和彩立方体。 对 Rubik's 立方体的一些早的先驱者包括例如 Katzenjammer 和 Mayblox 难题的装置。 Mayblox 难题在 1920 年代早期内被 P. MacMahon 产生。 在 1960 年代内,停车烦扰介绍了另外的一个立方体难题玩具叫做了立即的疯狂类型。 玩具在美国达成适度水平的名声。 1970 年代早期用 它带来一个装置叫做了被 U. Meffert 发明的 Pyraminx 。玩具是一个有了家具要被根据向上排成一行涂颜色的块金字塔。

Erno Rubik,建筑师和教授在布达佩斯的大学在 1974 年发展了 Rubik's 立方体的第一工作的原型。 他在 1975 年收到了匈牙利的专利权。 显然地，它也独立地被 Terutoshi Ishige 设计,来自日本的一个工程师, 在 1976 年收到了日本的专利权.教授 Rubik 产生了立方体如一个教学帮助因为他的学生帮助他们认识三度空间的空间关系。 当他将工作的原型展示给他的学生看它是一个立即的击中时候。

这些往後的几年以来， Rubik 和一个制造业者工作允许立方体对大众的刻度制造。 在三年发展之後，第一立方体在布达佩斯的供玩耍的商店架上是可得的。 虽然立方体保持流行的在饥饿的,时间的政治上的大气为它使它困难在美国被介绍。 二个对作立方体国际的成功是最有责任的男人是七城镇公司的 Dr Laczi Tibor 和汤姆先生 Kremer ，伦敦。 七个城镇为全世界的分配许可了来自教授 Rubik 的 Rubik 立方体发明。 Tibor 博士在里面工作饥饿的说服官僚在外国允许技术。 Kremer 先生发现了美国玩具制造者,理想的玩具公司, 是乐意的对帮忙在市场上销售产品。 产品是一个立即的击中，而且在 1980 年代期间，超过?货立方体被卖。1983 左右,立方体的狂热名声开始变小，而且售卖大幅减慢。它直到七个城镇在小规模制造中保持接管行销,而且许可了对 Oddzon 公司的 Rubik 立方体因为在 1995 年美国在市场上销售。自次售卖以后已经稳定地增加到超过 300,000个单位年。

Rubik's 立方体 似乎 由～组成 26 比较小的立方体。在它的解决州中，它有六个脸,每个化妆 相同的颜色九个小的正方形脸。 虽然它出现所有的小脸能被移动,只有角落和边缘能实际上移动。中央的立方体每个被修理并且只在地方中替换。 当立方体被拆开它的时候能被看到中央的立方体被对一个内部的核心轮桥每个连接。 角落和边缘不被修理到任何事。 这允许他们在中央的立方体的周围移动。因为角落和边缘在地方中捉住彼此并且被中央的立方体保有 , 所以立方体维持它的形状。 每块有一个被中央的立方体保有的内在定位键和被周围的块困住。这些定位键被成形在中央的核心周围适合进里面立方体和移动。每个别的块向前移动一个被弯的被另一个块的背面产生的轨道。 中央的立方体与～一起修理春天和铆钉而且保有所有的周围块。 春天只是发挥对把握地方一会儿为一个平滑的和宽大的功能给充足的柔性所有的块正确的压力。

在 Rubik's 立方体的产品中最重要的部份正在为各种不同的块设计模子。 一个模子是进入有它将会生产的部份倒转的形状钢之内是有雕刻的一个洞。 当液体塑料进入模子之内被放的时候, 它在模子的形状上拿当它冷却。 模子的创造极端地精确。 洞对距离表面上的任何缺点高度地擦亮。 任何的缺点会在每数以百万计块上被再生模子将会生产。 在立方体部份的产品中，一二个块模子典型地被雇用。 在制造的时候，二模子块被一起带来形成塑料的部份然後打开释放它。 工具包括驱逐者释放的大头针那从工具铸成部份当它打开。 当它被逐放，所有的部份与～一起铸成 auto 门自动地将部份从～移开倒注口的工具。 模子也与～一起生产一个纤细的小腊烛,称释放为角, 在移动方面援助。 最后，当模子被设计的时候,他们比他们最后地将会生产的块些微地大。因为当塑料冷却 , 所以这是,他们收缩。 不同的塑料将会有不同的收缩率，而且每个工具一定明确地被设计来作将会被用的材料。

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商业的立方体由～组成 6 固定的立方体,8 家具角落和 12 家具上的立方体边缘上的立方体。 每立方体是六种颜色之一。Rubik's 立方体有红色，黄色的，蓝色的，和绿色的,白色的和橘色的颜色。 在它的解决州中，每种颜色是在只有脸上。 当立方体被替换的时候, 边缘和角落移动而且立方体变成攀缘。 难题的挑战要回复对它的最初位置的每立方体。 因为些微地有超过 43 百万的三次方 (4.3*10^19) 可能的安排 , 和只有解决 , 所以立方体极端地挑战性。</para>

标准的 Rubik's 立方体有大约 57 公厘的边。 各种不同的其他大小也有例如 一 38 公厘迷你立方体， 20 公厘关键性的链微立方体和一 90 公厘庞大的立方体被生产。 虽然标准的立方体是 3x3x3 segmentation 其他的类型也有被介绍。 一些比较有趣的一些包括 2x2x2 cube ， 4x4x4 cube(称 Rubik's 为报仇) 和 5x5x5 cube 。形状也是不同的而且以有四面的形式困惑,一个金字塔,和一有八面的是在被生产的类型之中。 Rubik's 立方体也像 Rubik's 立方体难题和摩擦一样导致游戏引出之物的发展它立方体擦子。

捏造 Rubik's 立方体的个别块典型地从塑料被生产。塑料是高分子的重量材料经过称为聚合的各种不同的化学药品反应能被生产。 在 Rubik's 立方体中被用的大部份塑料是热后可朔性物质。 这些混合物是硬的, 持久的而且能长备的进入各种不同的形状之内被形成。 在 Rubik 立方体中被用的塑料是 Acrylonitrile 丁二烯苯乙烯 (ABS) 和尼龙。 可能被用的其他塑料包括聚丙烯 (PP), 高度冲击聚苯乙烯 (臀部) 和高的密度聚乙烯。 (HDPE)

对於装饰的目的，一个着色剂典型地被增加到塑料。 Rubik's 立方体的块典型地黑色。 在制造的时候, 把标签被穿上 染色色那在立方体的外面指示边的颜色。 在制造期间被用的塑料对制造业者在一种圆球形式中用 匈牙利货币单位和着色剂被供应。 然后这些圆球能被载入那直接的形成机器。
第一 Rubik's 立方体原型的产品是藉着手。在 1970 後期期间' s ，方法因为大量生产被发展而且继续在今天被用。 典型地，制造是一一步一步地一起包括注入块的形成，适宜的块程序,装饰 Rubik's 立方体而且在包装中放完成的产品。

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当制造被开始的时候, 塑料的圆球被转换成 Rubik's 立方体分开过注入形成。 在这个程序中，圆球进入注入形成机器的漏斗之内被放。 当他们被通过一水力的受约束的螺丝钉的时候 , 他们被融化。如螺丝钉旋转，被融化的塑料经过一个喷嘴被穿梭移动并且身体上地强迫,或注射,进入模子之内。 仅仅在～之前溶化的塑料抵达，模子的二二等份被一起带来产生一个有 Rubik's 立方体部份的同一形状的洞。 这可能是边缘，一个角落 , 或中央的块。在模子之内，塑料在压力之下特定量的时间而且然后被拿着允许冷却。 虽然冷却,塑料变硬进里面模子。 在充足的时间途径之後，模子二等份被打开，而且立方体块被逐放。 模子然后再一次关，而且程序重做。 每时间机器铸成一组部份是机器的 1个周期。 Rubik's 立方体周期时间是 20 秒左右。

在立方体部份之後从模子被逐放, 他们被丢进容器箱柜和手检查确定不重要的被损坏的部份被用。 废弃的倒注口材料是留存到是关于-用或扔弃。 废材料向上可能是土地的并且再一次融化制造新的部份,然而关于- 地面材料能降低并且引起人格贫穷的质量部份。 Rubik's 立方体总是被做从处女材料和从不使用关于- 地面废物塑料。

Rubik's 立方体部份被喜爱一个装配线。 在制造的时期中，个别的立方体块被集合 。 有尼龙核心每 ABS 中心立方体的出发被用铆钉固定到有一个春天取间隔的装置核心。 铆钉小心地与～一起控制深度停止确定春天只是被压缩的正确数量。 每中央的立方体有被黏的塑料掩护在之上藏铆钉。 六中心立方体之一直到集会的最後一个部份被留下。 ABS 边缘和角落块个人地在核心的周围被堆积。 立方体从下到上被建造，而且最不可能被装配的块是最后的中心再一次被进入有一个春天取间隔的装置和最后的无边帽的核心之内用铆钉固定的立方体被黏在之上。

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下一个, Rubik's 立方体脸需要被分类。 标签是利用张聚丙烯与～一起印刷颜色的材料做成的。 印刷的张 PP 然后是有一个清楚的 PP 给予保护的复盖叠片。 材料是然后一钢模由于标签减少而且在卷之上伤害。 标签和完全地被每个脸的所有九个正方形做排列。 当他们被适用於立方体的时候 , 这样标签可能是完全地排列。

毕竟那将被完成分类,立方体被放在他们的结局中包装。 这由于一个厚纸板支持可能是包括一本指令小册子的小盒子或一个塑料的水泡包裹。 包裹服侍保护 Rubik's 立方体免於被藉由装船运送引起的损害和广告产品的双重目的。 Rubik's 立方体包裹进入情形之内被放并且移到一个草铺。 草铺然后被在卡车之上装载，而且产品在全世界被装船运送到。

确定每玩具将会是一种高的质量产品,质量控制检查员在制造的每时期检查产品。 那收入塑料的圆球用化学被测试决定是否他们遇见某化学药品规格。 这些包括外表，颜色，熔点，毒性和分子的重量上的检查。

个别的部份质量也被在仅仅之后检查离开模子。 因为数以千计部份被使每日的 , 一次完全的检验会是困难。 结果，线检查员可能任意的在固定的时间间隔检查塑料的部份并且检查确定他们遇见大小，形状和一致性规格。 抽取样品方法的这提供全部的 Rubik's 立方体生产期的质量好指示。 被找寻的事物包括不成形的部份,不合适的适合了部份和不适当的分类。当视觉的检验是被雇用的主要测试方法的时候,比较严厉的测量也可能被运行。 测量仪器用来检查每个部份的长度，宽度和厚度。 典型地，例如 游尺 caliper ，一个测微计或一个显微镜的装置被用。 仅仅在～之前在包装中放立方体它可能被拧确定它团结而且是在适当的工作次序。 这能被手做或藉着一个旋转机器。 是否玩具被发现有缺陷它被放置旁白在稍后被重做。

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虽然 Rubik's 立方体的极端名声在附近平息 1984,它最近有做重要的来背面。 这有是一个结果七个城镇的给人深刻印象的行销努力。 未来，这个行销努力应该继续增加 Rubik's 立方体的售卖。 除了立方体，其他的引出难题有被介绍包括 Rubik's 蛇， Rubik's triamid 和 Rubik's 魔术的折叠难题。 新的变体也将会在不久的将来内被介绍是预期的。

这里是立方体成功的因素程序的一些相片。

klfxx

精品，必须顶，好！！！

bbshanwei

<P>厉害，这种图片也能找到！赞一下！！！</P>

mackintosh

国内的厂家吧，做OEM

大烟头

The below pictures link to larger assembly pictures showing how the cube is manufactured.

Rubik's cube is a toy puzzle designed by Erno Rubik during the mid-1970's. It is a cube shaped device with six faces having differing colors and is made up of smaller cube pieces. The primary method of manufacture involves injection molding of the various component pieces, then subsequent assembly, labelling, and packaging. It was extremely popular during the 1980's and led to the development of a numerous variety of toy puzzles.

Puzzle makers have been creating problems for people to solve for centuries. Some of the earliest puzzles date back to the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The Chinese have a ring puzzle that is thought to have been developed during the second century AD. This was first described by Cardan in 1550. When the printing press was invented, complete books of mathematical and mechanical problems designed specifically for recreation were circulated.

From these early riddles and word problems, toy puzzles were naturally developed. In 1857, the Irish mathematician W. Hamilton invented the Icosian puzzle. Later, in the 1870's, the famous 15 Puzzle was introduced, reportedly by Sam Lloyd. This puzzle involved numerical tiles that had to be placed in order. It was extremely popular in the early 1900's. In 1883, E. Lucas created the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. This puzzle was made up of three pegs and a number of discs with different sizes. The goal was to place the discs on the pegs in the correct order.

There are various puzzles that involve color square tiles and colored cubes. Some early precursors to the Rubik's cube include devices such as the Katzenjammer and the Mayblox puzzle. The Mayblox puzzle was created by P. MacMahon in the early 1920s. In the 1960s, Parker Bothers introduced another cube puzzle type toy called Instant Insanity. This toy achieved a moderate level of popularity in the United States. The early 1970s brought with it a device called the Pyraminx which was invented by U. Meffert. This toy was a pyramid that had movable pieces which were to be lined up according to color.

Erno Rubik, an architect and professor at the University of Budapest developed the first working prototype of the Rubik's cube in 1974. He received a Hungarian patent in 1975. Apparently, it was also independently designed by Terutoshi Ishige, an engineer from Japan, who received a Japanese patent in 1976. Professor Rubik created the cube as a teaching aid for his students to help them recognize three-dimensional spatial relationships. When he showed the working prototype to his students it was an immediate hit.

Over the next few years, Rubik worked with a manufacturer to allow production of the cube on a mass scale. After three years of development, the first cubes were available on toy store shelves in Budapest. While the cube remained popular in Hungry, the political atmosphere of the time made it difficult for it to be introduced in the United States. The two men who were most responsible for making the cube an international success were Dr Laczi Tibor and Mr. Tom Kremer of Seven Towns Ltd, London. Seven Towns licensed the Rubik Cube invention from Professor Rubik for worldwide distribution. Dr. Tibor worked within Hungry to convince bureaucrats to allow the technology out of the country. Mr. Kremer found a United States toy maker, the Ideal Toy company, who was willing to help market the product. The product was an immediate hit, and during the 1980's, over 100 million cubes were sold. Around 1983, the frenzied popularity of the cube began to wane and sales slowed drastically. It remained in small scale production until Seven Towns took over the marketing, and licensed the Rubik Cube to the Oddzon Company for the US market in 1995. Since that time sales have steadily increased to over 300,000 units a year.

The Rubik's cube appears to be made up of 26 smaller cubes. In its solved state, it has six faces, each made up of nine small square faces of the same color. While it appears that all of the small faces can be moved, only the corners and edges can actually move. The center cubes are each fixed and only rotate in place. When the cube is taken apart it can be seen that the center cubes are each connected by axles to an inner core. The corners and edges are not fixed to anything. This allows them to move around the center cubes. The cube maintains its shape because the corners and edges hold each other in place and are retained by the center cubes. Each piece has an internal tab which is retained by the center cubes and trapped by the surrounding pieces. These tabs are shaped to fit inside the cube and move around the central core. Each individual piece moves along a curved track which is created by the backs of the other pieces. The central cubes are fixed with a spring and rivet and retain all the surrounding pieces. The spring exerts just the right pressure to hold all the pieces in place whilst giving enough flexibility for a smooth and forgiving function.

The most important part in the manufacture of a Rubik's cube is designing the mold for the various pieces. A mold is a cavity carved into steel that has the inverse shape of the part that it will produce. When liquid plastic is put into the mold, it takes on the mold's shape when it cools. The creation of the mold is extremely precise. The cavity is highly polished to remove any flaws on the surface. Any flaw would be reproduced on each of the millions of pieces that the mold will produce. In the manufacture of the cube parts, a two piece mold is typically employed. During production, the two mold pieces are brought together to form the plastic part and then opened to release it. The tool includes ejector pins which release the moulded parts from the tools as it opens. All the parts are moulded with auto gating tools which automatically remove the parts from the sprue as it is ejected. The molds are also produced with a slight taper, called release angle, which aids in removal. Finally, when molds are designed, they are slightly bigger than the pieces that they ultimately will produce. This is because as the plastics cool, they shrink. Different plastics will have a different shrink rate and each tool must be specifically designed for the material that will be used.

The commercial cube is composed of 6 fixed cubes, 8 movable cubes on the corners and 12 movable cubes on the edges. Each cube is one of six colors. The Rubik's cube has red, yellow, blue, green, white and orange colors. In its solved state, each color is on only one face. When the cube is rotated, the edges and corners move and the cube becomes scrambled. The challenge of the puzzle is to restore each cube to its original position. The cube is extremely challenging because there are slightly more than 43 quintillion (4.3 * 10^19) possible arrangements, and only one solution.</para>

The standard Rubik's cube has sides of about 57 mm. Various other sizes have also been produced such as a 38 mm mini cube, a 20 mm key chain micro cube, and a 90 mm giant cube. While the standard cube is a 3x3x3 segmentation other types have also been introduced. Some of the more interesting ones include the 2x2x2 cube, the 4x4x4 cube (called Rubik's revenge) and the 5x5x5 cube. The shape has also been varied and puzzles in the form of a tetrahedral, a pyramid, and an octahedral are among types that were produced. The Rubik's cube also led to the development of game derivatives like the Rubik's cube puzzle and the Rub it cube eraser.

The individual pieces that make up the Rubik's cube are typically produced from plastic. Plastics are high molecular weight materials that can be produced through various chemical reactions called polymerization. Most of the plastics used in a Rubik's cube are thermoplastics. These compounds are rigid, durable and can be permanently molded into various shapes. The plastics used in the Rubik Cube are Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Nylon. Other plastics that might be used include polypropylene (PP), High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE).

For decorative purposes, a colorant is typically added to the plastic. The pieces of a Rubik's cube are typically black. During production, colored stickers are put on the outside of the cube to denote the color of a side. The plastics that are used during production are supplied to the manufacturer in a pellet form complete with the filler and colorants. These pellets can then be loaded into the molding machines directly.
The manufacture of the first Rubik's cube prototypes was by hand. During the late 1970's, methods for mass production were developed and continue to be used today. Typically, production is a step by step process that involves injection molding of the pieces, fitting the pieces together, decorating the Rubik's cube and putting the finished product in packaging.

When production is initiated, the plastic pellets are transformed into Rubik's cube parts through injection molding. In this process, the pellets are put into the hopper of an injection molding machine. They are melted when they are passed through a hydraulically controlled screw. As the screw turns, the melted plastic is shuttled through a nozzle and physically forced, or injected, into the mold. Just prior to the arrival of the molten plastic, the two halves of the mold are brought together to create a cavity that has the identical shape of the Rubik's cube part. This could be an edge, a corner, or the center piece. Inside the mold, the plastic is held under pressure for a specific amount of time and then allowed to cool. While cooling, the plastic hardens inside the mold. After enough time passes, the mold halves are opened and the cube pieces are ejected. The mold then closes again and the process begins again. Each time the machine moulds a set of parts is 1 cycle of the machine. The Rubik's cube cycle time is around 20 seconds.

After the cube parts are ejected from the mold, they are dropped into container bins and hand inspected to ensure that no significantly damaged parts are used. The waste sprue material is set aside to be re-used or scrapped. Waste material can be ground up and melted again to make new parts, however re-ground material can degrade and cause poor quality parts. Rubik's Cubes are always made from virgin material and never use re-ground waste plastic.

The Rubik's cube parts are taken to an assembly line. In this phase of production, the individual cube pieces are put together. Starting with the nylon core each ABS center cube is riveted to the core with a spring spacer. The rivet is carefully controlled with a depth stop to ensure the spring is compressed just the right amount. Each center cube has a plastic cover which is glued on to hide the rivet. One of the six center cubes is left until the last part of the assembly. The ABS edges and corner pieces are individually stacked around the core. The cube is built from the bottom up and the last piece to be assembled is the final center cube which is again riveted into the core with a spring spacer and the final cap is glued on.

Next, the Rubik's cube faces need to be labeled. The labels are made from sheet polypropylene material which is printed with the colors. The printed sheet PP is then laminated with a clear PP protective covering. The material is then die cut with the labels and wound onto rolls. The labels and made with all nine squares of each face exactly aligned. This way the labels can be perfectly aligned when they are applied to the cube.

After all the labeling is completed, the cubes are put in their final packaging. This can be a small box which has an instruction booklet included or a plastic blister pack with a cardboard backing. The package serves the dual purpose of protecting the Rubik's cube from damage caused by shipping and advertising the product. The Rubik's cube packages are put into cases and moved to a pallet. The pallets are then loaded on trucks and the products are shipped to all over the world.

To ensure that each toy will be a high quality product, quality control inspectors check the product at each phase of production. The incoming plastic pellets are chemically tested to determine whether they meet certain chemical specifications. These include checks on appearance, color, melting point, toxicity, and molecular weight.

The quality of the individual parts are also inspected just after exiting the mold. Since thousands of parts are made daily, a complete inspection would be difficult. Consequently, line inspectors may randomly check the plastic parts at fixed time intervals and check to ensure they meet size, shape, and consistency specifications. This sampling method provides a good indication of the quality of the overall Rubik's cube production run. Things that are looked for include deformed parts, improperly fitted parts and inappropriate labeling. While visual inspection is the primary test method employed, more rigorous measurements may also be performed. Measuring equipment is used to check the length, width and thickness of each part. Typically, devices such as a vernier caliper, a micrometer, or a microscope are used. Just prior to putting a cube in the packaging it may be twisted to ensure that it holds together and is in proper working order. This can be done by hand or by a turning machine. If a toy is found to be defective it is placed aside to be reworked later.

While the extreme popularity of the Rubik's cube subsided around 1984, it has recently made a significant come back. This has been a result impressive marketing efforts by Seven Towns. In the future, this marketing effort should continue to increase sales of the Rubik's cube. In addition to the cube, other derivative puzzles have been introduced including the Rubik's snake, Rubik's triamid and the Rubik's magic folding puzzle. It is expected that new variants will also be introduced in the near future.

Here are some photos of the Cube making process.

老猫

呵呵，天书。大家找出这个厂来。

看来铆钉压制的工艺成本低一些。

一叶知秋

大烟头就是大烟头,出手就是那么厉害~~~

zodiac83

好质感